Single-phase-motor control.



E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON. SINGLE PHASE MOTOR CONTROL. APPLICATION FILED-JAN. 4, 1908.

Patented July 6,1909

Is SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Inventor: Ernst T. W fllex nderson,

b5; v Df'tt'y.

Witnesses:

E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON. SINGLE PHASE MOTOR CONTROL. APPLIGATZON FILED JANA, 1908,

927,397. Patented July 6,1909. SBREETS-SHEETZ.

Inventor a Ernst F.W.DIle xa clerso w,

Zz- M M Witnesses:

E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON. 'SINGLE PHASE MOTOR CONTROL.- .APPLIQATION FILED JAN. 4, 1908.

997,397. Patented July 6, 1909. I 3 QHEETS-SHEET 3.

Witnesses: 0 Inventor:

fJf/w ETnWdm-sor I y UNITED (STATLS PATENT OFFICE.

nnusr F. W. ALEXAN RRt IN, or SGHENECTADY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO GENERAL ELEC-' '1 TC OOMPANY,A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

SINGLELPHA'SE-MOTOR common.

" Specification of Letters Patent.

- Patented Jul o, 1909.

Application filed January 1, 1908. Serial No. 409,271.

gle-phase motors of the-commutator typehaving' inducing and exciting wmdmgs on the stator,.and' consists in an improvement 'in the method of control described inmv former application, Serial N 0. 383,807, filed July 15, 1907.

In my former application I pointed out the fact that in what is known as the repulsionmotor, 'in which the armature'is short- I I, accordingly,

to another.

circuited, there exists an inducin field which for low speeds has a. good effect on commutation, sincethe elect-romotive force induced, by cutting this field, in the armature coils I shOrt-circuitedby the brushes opposes the,

' electromotlveforce due to the transformer action of the exciting or cross-field; but that at high speed the el'ectromotive .force due to cutting the inducin field, becomes excessive. disclosed -a"contro1 system in which for low speeds the'armature is shortcircuited, while at higher speedsan electromotive force is introduced into the armature circult, which reduces the strength of the inducing field, and also the exciting winding is introduced into the armature circuit in order to produce a fieldfwhich tends. to neutralize commutation reactance;

My present invention relates to a'co'ntrol system of'this character, and has particular reference to the starting connections and to the transitions from one running connection For instance, when the change is made from-the low-speed connection, in which the armature is short-circuited,-to the high-speed connection, in, which a shuntvoltage is impressed o n armature and exciting winding in' series, there is some liability to flashing at the commutator, unless the change is madegraduallyw If the shuntvoltage is impressed on -armature and exciting windings in series before the armature short-circuit is broken. the motor is made momentarily, practically a shunt motor, and' this-sudden change in itscharacteristic may producefiashes. On the other hand, if.the-

armature circuit is broken before the coin,

nections are made to the source "of shunt voltage, the motor is transformed suddenly from a. repulsion motor to a series motor.-

In this event also, flashing at the commul' tator may be produced: My invention, in one aspect, consists in the method of operating a motor by starting it with its armature short-circuited, then impressing a shunt voltage on, the excitlng wmdmg and shortcircuited armature'thro'ugh a resistance, then opening the armature short-circuit, and then In this manner My invention further comprises certain improvements in the method of starting and 1n the starting connections.

My invention will best be understood by reference to-the accompanying. drawings, in Which-- p Figure 1 shows diagrammatically a control system for a pair of single-phase mo- .tors arranged in accordance with my'invention.;. Figs. 2 to 9, inclusive, are diagrams of the running and transitional circuit connections produced by the control system of Fig.

1; and Fig. 10 is a diagram oflnodified starting connection.

4 Referring first to Fig. 2, A. represents the armature, 'B the exciting winding, and C the inducing wmdmg of a single-phase commutator-motor. The winding C, whlch acts as the inducing winding for repulsion-motor operation, woul compensating wi ding in series-motor operation, but to avoid unnecessary words, I-

commonly be termed the i shall simply term this winding the induc- 1 ing winding, with the understanding that the ter applies, both to repulsion and to compensated series motors, and designates the winding which produces a magnetometive force in line with that of the armature.

D represents a transformer for supplying current to the motor. E represents a resistance, In thls figure, which shows the .-start ing connections, the motor windings are connected in series with each other and with -.the resistance E across a portion of the transformer D, but with the armature A short-circuited,--that is, the motor is connected as a repulsion motor with the resistance E serving as a starting resistance to limit the starting current.

Fig. 3 shows the first running connections, whichare like those of Fig. 2, except that the resistance E is cut out or short-circuited.

Fig. 4 shows a transitional connection, in which a connection is made from the junction of exciting winding B and inducing winding through resistance F to an intermediate point on the transformer D. If resistance F were not included in this connection, the exciting winding B would be connected directly across a portion of the transformer, so that the motor would have the characteristics of a shunt motor, and the amount and phase of the flux of winding B would be rigidly fixed by the voltage impressed on its-terminals. A sudden transition to this connection from that of Fig. 3 would be likely to produce flashing at the commutator, but with the connections to the intermediate point on the transformer made through resistance F, no liability to flashing is produced, since the motor characteristics are then rather those of a compound motor, than of a shunt motor.

Fig. 5 shows another transitional set of connections diiiering from Fig. 4 only in that the armature short-circuit has been opened. It will be seen that if the circuit of resistance F were opened, the motor would then be connected as a compensated series motor, but the connection through the resistance maintains a closed circuit .for the armature through the exciting winding and a small portion of the transformer winding.

In Fig. 6 the resistance F is cut out, or short-circuited. The connections of this figure are the same as those disclosed as highspeed running connections in my former application, above referred to. It will be seen that the voltage of that portion of the transformer D between its right-hand terminal "and. its intermediate tap is impressed on armature A and exciting winding B in series, andthat the transition from the connectiona of Figs. 3 has been made gradually without any abrupt change in the motor characte istics.

Fig. shows another transitional connection employed in increasing the voltage impressed on armature and exciting winding in order to adapt the motor .for higher speed. In this figure the resistance F is reinserted in the connection to the intermediate point on the transformer.

Fig. 8 shows another transitional connection in which a direct connection is made from the junction of inducing and exciting windings to another intermediate point on the transformer. The presence of resistance E prevents the portion of the transformer between the two intermediate taps being short-circuited.

Fig. 9, which shows the running connec= tion for highest speed, differs from Fig. 8 in that the connection in which resistance F is included is opened. Fig. 9 is lik e Fig. 6, except that a higher voltage is impressed on armature and exciting windings.

Now, referring to Fig. 1, the arrangement and it will be understood that as many motors, or pairs of motors, as desired, can be controlled by the arrangement of switches shown. In order to avoid complicating the diagram, the usual reversing switch is ouiitted. When the switch H is moved to its first running position, indicated by dotted lines 22, a circuit is closed from transformer D through contact-fingers k and v k to contactor 1 which is' accordingly energized and closes the motor circuit. At the same time a circuit is closed through contact-fingers 723' and k through contactor I", which short-circuits the motor armatures. v

The circuit connections shown in Fig. 2 are consequently established. The connection from. the lower terminal of the actuating winding of contactor I to ground is madethrough upper contact 2' of contactor I and lower contact 2' of contactor I The purpose of this connection will hereinafter appear. At starting both contactors I? and I are deenergized, so that contacts 2' and d are closed. When switch H is moved to its second position, indicated by dotted line 3-3, the only change is the energizing of contactor f which short-circuits the resistance E, thereby producing the circuit con nection shown in Fig. 3. As the switch H is moved from its second to its third running position, the latter of which is indicated h dotted line 66, several operations of the contactors result, producing several transi-' tional. connections before establishing the running connections corresponding to the third position of switch H. Contacts 72 and h are simultaneously energized, but the contactor I, connected to contact-finger h, is

not at first actuated, 'since'its c' 'cuit is open at the upper contact 2' of contac or 1*. Contactor P'is, however, energized, thereby establishing aconnection from the junction of,

exciting'windings B and inducing windings C through resistance F to an intermediate point on transformer D, thereby producing the connections shown in-Fig: 4. Nothing further happens until contact-finger k is deenergized, when contactor 1* drops, thereby opening the armature short-circuit and producing theconnections of Fig.'5. The dr opping of contacto-r I causes contactor I to pick up, its circuit being closed through contact-fin ers 71- and vif contactor I u) er contact 2', and lower contact 2' The pick- 1ng up of contactor I short-circuits IBSlSt:

ance F, and establishes the connections of Fig. 6, which are the running connections for the third position of the master-switch H. It will be noted that the successive operations of contactors I I and I follow antomatically in their proper sequence, because of the interlocking connections and contacts. When switch H is moved from its third to its fourth and final position, contact-finger 71. is energized, but contactor I does not, pick up, since its circuitis open at lower con: tact As soon as co htact-finger.'71. leaves its movable contact, contactor P'is denerminal of contactor I through upper contact I and contact 11 to contact-finger it. As soon as cont-actor I picks up this circuit is I broken and contactor 1?- drops, thereby establishing the connections of Fig. 9. The interlocking contacts serve to produce the proper sequence of operations, not only while the master-switch H is moved from off to running position, but also when it is moved in the opposite direction. The contactor opf'erations, which occur during the latter movement of the master-switch, need not'be de-- scribed in detail, since they will be evident tactor from the drawing, in view,of whathas already been said. It is particularly to be noted that the maintaining circuit for con- 1 formed by co1....cts 2' 2' and k prevents the contactor .from opening until the starting position of switch H is ,reached,

contaetonl opened, and resistanceE cut into circuit. 4

Fig. 10 shows a diagram of starting connections which may be employed in place of the connections of Fig. 2. A resistance G is shown, to an intermediate point of which one terminal of the inducing winding C is' connected. The exciting winding 13 is connected to the upperlterminal of resistance G,

while connection is made from the lower terminal of the resistance to an intermediate point on transformer D. If this latter connection were opened, the connections of Fig. 10 would be the exact equivalent of the connections of- Fig. 2, the upper half of resistance G taking the place of resistance.E. On"

the other hand, if the upper part of resistance G were short-circuited, the connections of Fig; 10 would be somewhat similar to the s arting' connections which vl ha've described'in a former application, Serial No, 400,102, filed October 31, 1907, in which there is impressed on the exciting winding at starting, through a resistance, a shunt voltage'for the purpose'of fixing the amount and phase of the field flux. The arrangement of 'FigflO is in effect a combination'of the arrangement 'of Fig. 2, and that of my former application. It has the effect of producing a compound characteristic at starting, that is, a shunt excitation superposed on the series excitation of Fig. 2. With the connection of Fig. 2 the currents induced in the; armaturepcoil short-circuited by thebrushes,

due to the transformer action of. the flux of the exciting Winding B, react upon that flux, and at the instant of starting, when those-currents are large, they tend to shiftthe 'p ha seof thee'xciting flux, so thatit is .no longer-in phase with the motor current,

'and'the starting torque'is consequently lowered. The shunt excitation which, in Fig.

10, is superposed on the series excitation,'

tends to prevent this phase shifting of. the exciting fiux, and consequently increases the starting torque, while; as compared with the shunt connection of my'earlier application, the commutation of the arrangement of Fig. 10 is better[ In the drawings I have shown the motor diagrammatically, without illustrating their structure, which in its preferred form isshown my former application, Serial No. 383,807, above referred to. In order to secure the full advantages of my present control, as regards commutation, the fractional pitch armature winding, fully illustrated and described in my former application, should .be employed, and preferably the compen-,

veating winding should contain a greater. number of turns than the armature winding for the reasons therein set forth I do not desire to limit myself to the particular construction and arrangement. of parts-here shown, but aim in the-appended claims to cover all modifications which are within the scope of my invention.

WhatI-claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patentof the United States, is, 1. The method of operating a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and excitingwinding's ori the stator, which consists in starting the motor with the armature short-circuited; then impressing a voltage on the exciting winding and the motor windings connectedin series but with the armature short-circuited, then im pressing a shunt voltage on the exciting winding, short-circuited armature and a resistance in series, then openingthe armature short-circuit, and then cutting out said resistance. v

3. The method of operating a single-phase I motor of the commutator type having inducing and 'exciting windings on thestator, which consists in connecting all three windings in series to the source but with the armature short-circuited, the exciting winding being next to the armature, then establishing a connection through a resistance from the junction of the inducing winding and the circuit of the other two windings to an intermediate point on the source, then opening the armature short-circuit, and then cutting out the resistance.

4. The method of operating a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, which consists in connecting all three windings in series to the source but with the armature short-circuited, the exciting winding being next to the armature, then establishing a;' connection through a resistance from the junction point of inducing winding and the circuit of the other two windings to an intermediate point on the source, then opening the armature short-circuit, then cutting out the resistance, then cutting in-the resistance again, establishing a direct connection from said junction point to another point on the source, and then opencircuiting the connection through the resistance.

5. The method of operating a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inflin d exciting windings on the stator, which consists inv starting the motor with the armature short-circuited and with a resistance in series with the motor, then shortcircnitin said resistance, then impressing a shunt-v0 tage on the'exciting winding-and a resistance in series, then opening the armature short-circuit, and then short-circuiting the latter resistance.

6. The method of operating a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducingland exciting windings onthe stator, which consists in starting the motor with theinducing and exciting windings in series with each other, the armatureshort-circuited and a resistance in series with the motor,

short-circuiting the resistance when the-motor has started, and running the motor at high speeds with a shunt-voltage impressed on armature and exciting windings in series.

\ 7. The method of starting a single-phase motor of the commutator type ha ing in ducing and exciting windings on its stator, which consists in connecting the inducing with the armature short-circuited and with a resistance in series with the motor and aimpressing a shunt-voltage on the exciting winding through a resistance.

-8. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, and a controlier having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-circuited, and in subsequent positions to connect the exciting winding, short-circuited armature, and resistan ce in series across a portion of the transformer, then to open the armature short-circuit, and then to shortcircuit said resistance.

motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, and a controller having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-cin cuited and the exciting winding next to the ariiiature, and in subsequent positions to connect the junction point of inducing winding and the circuit of the other two windings through said resistance to an intermediate point on the transformer winding, then to open the armature short-circuit, and then to short-circuit said resistance.

10.- In'combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, and a controller having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-circuited and the'exci'ting winding next to the armature, and in subsequent positions to connect the junction point of inducing winding and the circuitof the other two windings through said resistance to an inter- -mediate point on the transformer winding, then to open the armature short-circuit,

still subsequent positions to cut in said resistance again, to establish a direct connection from said junction point to another point on the transformer, and then to open the connection containing said resistance.

11. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type havingdnand exciting windings in series to the source 9. In combination with a single-phase then to short-circuit said resistance, and in ducing and exciting windmgs on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, two resistances, and a controller having its contacts ar anged in its first position to connect the otor windings in series to the transformer withthe armature short-circuited and with one of saidresistances in series with the motor, in a subsequent position to short-circuit said resistance,

and in still subsequent-positions to connect the exciting winding, short-cireuited armature, and the other resistance, in series across a portion of the transformen'then to open the armature short-circuit, and then to shortcircuit the latter resistance.

12. In combination with a single -phase motor of the commutatortype having inducing and exciting windings on the stator,

a transformer for supplying-current to the motor, a reslstance, and a controller having.

, its contacts arranged in its first position to connect the motor windings inseries to the transformer with the inducing and exciting windings in series with 'elichother, with the armature short-clrcuited and withsaid resistance in series with the motor, in a subsequent position to short-circuit said resistance, and in ,a still subsequentposition to connect the armature and excitingcwinding in series across a portion of said transformer:

13. In combination 'with asingle-phase motor of the commutator type having in-- ducing-and exciting windings on the stator,

a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, and a controller having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the motor of the'commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, and a controller, having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature. short-circuited and the exciting winding next to the armature, and in subsequent positions to connect the junction point of inducing winding and the circuit of the other two windings through said resistance to an intermediate point on the transformer winding, then to open the armature short-circuit, and to short-circuit said resistance, said controller comprising a "master-switch and magnetically actuated switches controlled thereby and electrically interlocked to insure their operation in proper order.

15;:111 combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on the stator, a transformer for supplying current to the" motor, a resistance, and a controller having its contacts arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-circuited and the exciting winding next to the armar ture, and in subsequent positions to connect the junction point of inducing winding and the circuit of the other two windings through said resistance to an intermediate point on the transformer winding, then to open the armature short-circuit, then to short-circuit said resistance, and in still subsequent posi-' tions to cut in said resistance again, toestab lish a direct connection from said junction point to another point on the transformer,

and then to open the connection containing said resistance, said controller comprising a master-switch and magnetically actuatedswitches controlled thereby and electrically interlocked to insure their operation in proper order. r V

16. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings in its stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, means for connecting the motor windings in series to the transformer with the exciting winding next to the armature, a switch for short-circu'iting the armature, aswitch 'for' establishing a connection from the junction point of the inducing winding and the circuit of theother two windings through said resistance to an intermediate point on the transformer, a magnetically actuated switch for short-circulting said resistance, and contacts controlled by the first-mentioned switch controlling the actuating ma'g'net of the last-mentioned switch.

" 17. In combination with a' single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on its stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistance, means for connecting the .motor windings in series to the transformer 'with the exciting winding next to the armature, magnetically actuated switches ar ranged respectively'toshort-clrcuit the armature; to establish a connection through i said resistance from the junction of the inducing windingand the circuit of the other two windings to an intermediate point on said transformer, and to short-circuit said.

resistance, and contacts controlled by one of said switches controlling the actuating magnets of another of said's witches.

18. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commntaltor 'type having inducing and exciting windings on its stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, means for connecting the motor wind-c ings in series to the transformer, and a controller comprising a master switch and magnetically actuated switches controlled thereby arranged in one position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-circuited and in another position to connect armature and exciting winding in series across a portion of the transformer and to establish certain transitional connections in passing from one position to another, and contacts controlled by certain of said magnetically actuated switches and controlling theactuating magnets of other switches, said contacts and connections forming an electric interlock whereby the sequence of connections is produced automatically and in proper order.

19. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on its stator, atransformer for supplying current to the motor, a controller having its contacts arranged in its'first position to connect the motor windings in series to the transformer with the armature short-circuited and to connect the exciting windlng across a portion of the transformer, a resistance in series with the motor, and a resistance in the connec tions from the exciting winding to the transformer.

20. In combination with a single-phase motor of the commutator type having inducing and exciting windings on its stator, a transformer for supplying current to the motor, a resistanca'and means for connect- ERNST a. W. ALEXANDERSON.

Witnesses:

BENJAMIN B. HULL, HELEN Onronn.

'ing at starting one terminal of the inducing 

